Given an array of integers, find the first missing positive integer in linear time and constant space

Question

In other words, find the lowest positive integer that does not exist in the array. The array can contain duplicates and negative numbers as well. This question was asked by Stri

Answer 1

Here is a C implementation
INPUT

#include 
#include 
//Here we separate the positive and negative number
int separate (int arr[], int size)
{
    int j = 0, i , temp;
    for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
    {
    if (arr[i] <= 0)
    {
        /*Here we using bitwise operator to swap the
        numbers instead of using the temp variable*/
         arr[j] = arr[j]^arr[i];
         arr[i] = arr[j]^arr[i];
         arr[j] = arr[j]^arr[i];
         j++;
    }
    }
    printf("First We Separate the negetive and positive number \n");
    for( i = 0 ; i  0)
    arr[ abs(arr[i]) - 1] = -arr[ abs(arr[i]) - 1];
}
for(i = 0; i < size; i++)
    if (arr[i] > 0)
    {
    return i+1;
    }
return size+1;
}
int findMissing(int arr[], int size)
{
int j = separate (arr, size);
return findMissingPositive(arr+j, size-j);
}
int main()
{
int size ;
printf("Enter the Value of Size of Array : ");
scanf("%d",&size);
int arr[size];
printf("Enter the values :\n");
for( int i = 0 ; i < size ; i++)
{
    printf("Array[%d] = ",i);
    scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
int missing = findMissing(arr,size);
printf("The smallest positive missing number is %d ", missing);
return 0;
}

---

OUTPUT

Enter the Value of Size of Array : 8
Enter the values :
Array[0] = 1
Array[1] = -1
Array[2] = -5
Array[3] = -3
Array[4] = 3
Array[5] = 4
Array[6] = 2
Array[7] = 8
First We Separate the negetive and positive number
Array[0] = -1
Array[1] = -5
Array[2] = -3
Array[3] = 1
Array[4] = 3
Array[5] = 4
Array[6] = 2
Array[7] = 8
Remove the negative numbers from array
Array[0] = 1
Array[1] = 3
Array[2] = 4
Array[3] = 2
Array[4] = 8
The smallest positive missing number is 5
Process returned 0 (0x0)   execution time : 27.914 s
Press any key to continue.

---

 /*
        How work :
        [if(abs(arr[i]) - 1 < size && arr[ abs(arr[i]) - 1] > 0)
        arr[ abs(arr[i]) - 1] = -arr[ abs(arr[i]) - 1];]
        before: arr = { 7, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 2}
    i == 0: arr[0] = 7
            arr[7-1] is 2 > 0 ~> negate
            arr = { 7, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, -2}
    i == 1: arr[1] = 3
            arr[3-1] is 4 > 0 ~> negate
            arr = { 7, 3, -4, 5, 5, 3, -2}
    i == 2: arr[2] is -4 ~> abs for indexing
            arr[4-1] is 5 > 0 ~> negate
            arr = { 7, 3, -4,-5, 5, 3, -2}
    i == 3: arr[3] is -5 ~> abs for indexing
            arr[5-1] is 5 > 0 ~> negate
            arr = { 7, 3, -4, -5, -5, 3, -2}
    i == 4: arr[4] is -5 ~> abs for indexing
            arr[5-1] is -5 < 0 ~> print abs(-5) as duplicate
    i == 5: arr[5] is 3
            arr[3-1] is -4 < 0 ~> print abs(3) as duplicate
    i == 6: arr[6] is -2 ~> abs for indexing
            arr[2-1] is 3 > 0 ~> negate
            arr = { 7, -3, -4, -5, -5, 3, -2}

            indices of positive entries: 0, 5 ~> 1 and 6 not in original array
            indices of negative entries: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 ~> 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 in original array
*/