What is the quickest way to find the shortest cartesian distance between two polygons

Question

I have 1 red polygon say and 50 randomly placed blue polygons - they are situated in geographical 2D space. What is the quick

Answer 1

I doubt there is better solution than calculating the distance between the red one and every blue one and sorting these by length.

Regarding sorting, usually QuickSort is hard to beat in performance (an optimized one, that cuts off recursion if size goes below 7 items and switches to something like InsertionSort, maybe ShellSort).

Thus I guess the question is how to quickly calculate the distance between two polygons, after all you need to make this computation 50 times.

The following approach will work for 3D as well, but is probably not the fastest one:

Minimum Polygon Distance in 2D Space

The question is, are you willing to trade accuracy for speed? E.g. you can pack all polygons into bounding boxes, where the sides of the boxes are parallel to the coordinate system axes. 3D games use this approach pretty often. Therefor you need to find the maximum and minimum values for every coordinate (x, y, z) to construct the virtual bounding box. Calculating the distances of these bounding boxes is then a pretty trivial task.

Here's an example image of more advanced bounding boxes, that are not parallel to the coordinate system axes:

Oriented Bounding Boxes - OBB

However, this makes the distance calculation less trivial. It is used for collision detection, as you don't need to know the distance for that, you only need to know if one edge of one bounding box lies within another bounding box.

The following image shows an axes aligned bounding box:

Axes Aligned Bounding Box - AABB

OOBs are more accurate, AABBs are faster. Maybe you'd like to read this article:

Advanced Collision Detection Techniques

This is always assuming, that you are willing to trade precision for speed. If precision is more important than speed, you may need a more advanced technique.