Update this question was previously titled as \"Give me the name of a simple algorithm for signal(sound) pattern detection\"
You can try a Matched Filter. Although I've never actually used one, I've heard good things.
Also, although not simple, I think a Hidden Markov Model (HMM, I know you said no speech recognition, but hear me out!) would provide the best results for you. Again, I've never actually used one but there are open source implementations available all over the place. You would just need to train it using your exisiting "clean" insect recording. Here is one open source implementation: General Hidden Markov Model Library.