In Pandoc markdown, I can use \'$$\' to start a display math environment. However, these equations are not numbered in latex so I hope to use the equation environment instead, l
Try the pandoc-eqnos filter. Labels may be attached to equations using attributes:
$$ y = mx +b $$ {#eq:description}
... and then referenced like this:
@eq:description
For tex/pdf output, LaTeX's native equation
environment and \label
and \ref
macros are used; for all others the numbers are hard-coded.
Instructions are given on the pandoc-eqnos page for how to install and apply the filter.