How can I implement a string data type in LLVM?

Question

I have been looking at LLVM lately, and I find it to be quite an interesting architecture. However, looking through the tutorial and the reference material, I can\'t see any ex

Answer 1

What is a string? An array of characters.

What is a character? An integer.

So while I'm no LLVM expert by any means, I would guess that if, eg, you wanted to represent some 8-bit character set, you'd use an array of i8 (8-bit integers), or a pointer to i8. And indeed, if we have a simple hello world C program:

#include 

int main() {
        puts("Hello, world!");
        return 0;
}

And we compile it using llvm-gcc and dump the generated LLVM assembly:

$ llvm-gcc -S -emit-llvm hello.c
$ cat hello.s
; ModuleID = 'hello.c'
target datalayout = "e-p:64:64:64-i1:8:8-i8:8:8-i16:16:16-i32:32:32-i64:64:64-f32:32:32-f64:64:64-v64:64:64-v128:128:128-a0:0:64-s0:64:64-f80:128:128"
target triple = "x86_64-linux-gnu"
@.str = internal constant [14 x i8] c"Hello, world!\00"         ; <[14 x i8]*> [#uses=1]

define i32 @main() {
entry:
        %retval = alloca i32            ;  [#uses=2]
        %tmp = alloca i32               ;  [#uses=2]
        %"alloca point" = bitcast i32 0 to i32          ;  [#uses=0]
        %tmp1 = getelementptr [14 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i64 0            ;  [#uses=1]
        %tmp2 = call i32 @puts( i8* %tmp1 ) nounwind            ;  [#uses=0]
        store i32 0, i32* %tmp, align 4
        %tmp3 = load i32* %tmp, align 4         ;  [#uses=1]
        store i32 %tmp3, i32* %retval, align 4
        br label %return

return:         ; preds = %entry
        %retval4 = load i32* %retval            ;  [#uses=1]
        ret i32 %retval4
}

declare i32 @puts(i8*)

Notice the reference to the puts function declared at the end of the file. In C, puts is

int puts(const char *s)

In LLVM, it is

i32 @puts(i8*)

The correspondence should be clear.

As an aside, the generated LLVM is very verbose here because I compiled without optimizations. If you turn those on, the unnecessary instructions disappear:

$ llvm-gcc -O2 -S -emit-llvm hello.c
$ cat hello.s 
; ModuleID = 'hello.c'
target datalayout = "e-p:64:64:64-i1:8:8-i8:8:8-i16:16:16-i32:32:32-i64:64:64-f32:32:32-f64:64:64-v64:64:64-v128:128:128-a0:0:64-s0:64:64-f80:128:128"
target triple = "x86_64-linux-gnu"
@.str = internal constant [14 x i8] c"Hello, world!\00"         ; <[14 x i8]*> [#uses=1]

define i32 @main() nounwind  {
entry:
        %tmp2 = tail call i32 @puts( i8* getelementptr ([14 x i8]* @.str, i32 0, i64 0) ) nounwind              ;  [#uses=0]
        ret i32 0
}

declare i32 @puts(i8*)