I can't find a suitable place to SSH into for making changes to the repo that Docker runs the REPL on
When you create a cluster, you provision a number of node VMs in your google cloud project. If you look at https://console.cloud.google.com/compute/instances you should see them and each one will have a External IP address which you will be able to ssh into. Then create an ssh tunnel to a node VM that forwards a local port to the pod IP address.
Note that if you are running multiple replicas of your clojure app, you must connect to each replica separately to update the app.