I have a Dockerfile with a sequence of RUN instructions that execute \"apt-get install\"s; for example, a couple of lines:
RUN apt-get install -y tree RUN apt-ge
I suppose you could send both images' file systems to tarballs via docker export CONTAINER_ID or docker save IMAGE_ID (updated based on comments)
docker export CONTAINER_ID
docker save IMAGE_ID
Then use whatever tool you like to diff the file systems - Git, Rdiff, etc.