Are pointers considered a method of calling by reference in C?

Question

In my University\'s C programming class, the professor and subsequent book written by her uses the term call or pass by reference when referring to poin

Answer 1

Does C even have ``pass by reference''?

Not really.

Strictly speaking, C always uses pass by value. You can simulate pass by reference yourself, by defining functions which accept pointers and then using the & operator when calling, and the compiler will essentially simulate it for you when you pass an array to a function (by passing a pointer instead, see question 6.4 et al.).

Another way of looking at it is that if an parameter has type, say, int * then an integer is being passed by reference and a pointer to an integer is being passed by value.

Fundamentally, C has nothing truly equivalent to formal pass by reference or c++ reference parameters.

To demonstrate that pointers are passed by value, let's consider an example of number swapping using pointers.

int main(void)
{
    int num1 = 5;
    int num2 = 10;

    int *pnum1 = &num1;
    int *pnum2 = &num2;
    int ptemp;

    printf("Before swap, *Pnum1 = %d and *pnum2 = %d\n", *pnum1, *pnum2);
    temp = pnum1;
    pnum1 = pnum2;
    pnum2 = ptemp;

    printf("After swap, *Pnum1 = %d and *pnum2 = %d\n", *pnum1, *pnum2);
}

Instead of swapping numbers pointers are swapped. Now make a function for the same

void swap(int *pnum1, int *pnum2)
{
     int *ptemp = pnum1;
     pnum1 = pnum2;
     pnum2 = temp;
}

int main(void)
{
    int num1 = 5;
    int num2 = 10;

    int *pnum1 = &num1;
    int *pnum2 = &num2;

    printf("Before swap, *pnum1 = %d and *pnum2 = %d\n", *pnum1, *pnum2);
    swap(pnum1, pnum2);

    printf("After swap, *pnum1 = %d and *pnum2 = %d\n", *pnum1, *pnum2);
}

Boom! No swapping!

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Some tutorials mention pointer reference as call by reference which is misleading. See the this answer for the difference between passing by reference and passing by value.