What is out keyword in kotlin

Question

I am not able to understand and I couldn\'t find the meaning of out keyword in kotlin.

You can check example here:

List
         


        

Answer 1

The variance modifiers out and in allow us to make our generic types less restrictive and more reusable by allowing subtyping.

Let's understand this with the help of contrasting examples. We'll use examples of cases as containers of various weapons. Assume that we have the following type hierarchy:

open class Weapon
open class Rifle : Weapon()
class SniperRifle : Rifle()

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out produces T and preserves subtyping

When you declare a generic type with an out modifier, it's called covariant. A covariant is a producer of T, that means functions can return T but they can't take T as arguments:

class Case {
    private val contents = mutableListOf()
    fun produce(): T = contents.last()         // Producer: OK
    fun consume(item: T) = contents.add(item)  // Consumer: Error
}

The Case declared with the out modifier produces T and its subtypes:

fun useProducer(case: Case) {
    // Produces Rifle and its subtypes
    val rifle = case.produce()
}

With the out modifier, the subtyping is preserved, so the Case is a subtype of Case when SniperRifle is a subtype of Rifle. As a result, the useProducer() function can be called with Case too:

useProducer(Case())               // OK
useProducer(Case)                       // OK
useProducer(Case())                    // Error

This is less restrictive and more reusable while producing but our class becomes read only.

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in consumes T and reverses subtyping

When you declare a generic type with an in modifier, it's called contravariant. A contravariant is a consumer of T, that means functions can take T as arguments but they can't return T:

class Case {
    private val contents = mutableListOf()
    fun produce(): T = contents.last()         // Producer: Error
    fun consume(item: T) = contents.add(item)  // Consumer: OK
}

The Case declared with the in modifier consumes T and its subtypes:

fun useConsumer(case: Case) {
    // Consumes Rifle and its subtypes
    case.consume(SniperRifle())
}

With the in modifier, the subtyping is reversed, so now the Case is a subtype of Case when Rifle is a subtype of Weapon. As a result, the useConsumer() function can be called with Case too:

useConsumer(Case())               // Error          
useConsumer(Case())                     // OK
useConsumer(Case())                    // OK

This is less restrictive and more reusable while consuming but our class becomes write only.

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Invariant produces and consumes T, disallows subtyping

When you declare a generic type without any variance modifier, it's called invariant. An invariant is a producer as well as a consumer of T, that means functions can take T as arguments and can also return T:

class Case {
    private val contents = mutableListOf()
    fun produce(): T = contents.last()         // Producer: OK
    fun consume(item: T) = contents.add(item)  // Consumer: OK
}

The Case declared without in or out modifier produces and consumes T and its subtypes:

fun useProducerConsumer(case: Case) {
    // Produces Rifle and its subtypes
    case.produce()
    // Consumes Rifle and its subtypes
    case.consume(SniperRifle())
}

Without the in or out modifier, the subtyping is disallowed, so now neither Case nor Case is a subtype of Case. As a result, the useProducerConsumer() function can only be called with Case:

useProducerConsumer(Case())       // Error
useProducerConsumer(Case())             // OK
useProducerConsumer(Case())            // Error

This is more restrictive and less reusable while producing and consuming but we can read and write.

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Conclusion

The List in Kotlin is a producer only. Because it's declared using the out modifier: List. This means you cannot add elements to it as the add(element: T) is a consumer function. Whenever you want to be able to get() as well as add() elements, use the invariant version MutableList.

That's it! Hopefully that helps understand the ins and outs of the variance!