Magento, IMHO, represents a PHP system that is built on well thought-out coding principles - reuseable design patterns being one of them. In terms of an example of a PHP system
In general in my point of view Magento uses its own unique implementation of most patterns, so it should not be made that much of a comparing among them.
For example in the past I have seen the Factory creational pattern as a class, which handles the instantiation group classes. In Magento the merged config xml file stores the all paths to models, blocks and helpers, in order afterwards in the development process the developers to specify only the unique identifier for the path slash and the actual class name. The Singleton and the Registry patterns also is different than the expected.