If you could answer these questions or help me out a little with clarity, it will be greatly appreciated:
SE = standard edition, standard version of java, often named just java X. The other version is EE, more oriented to components.
JDK = java development kit, this is a subset of the sdk that is what you use to develop java app, is a framework.
The version number has 1.7 is named java 7. And you can get both SE version or SDK of this version.
Anyway you can find the whole information at Wikipedia