If you could answer these questions or help me out a little with clarity, it will be greatly appreciated:
Answer 1: SE stands for Standard Edition. It is mostly like for every JRE nowadays to be in Standard Edition, so you can take Java 7 and Java SE 7 as the same thing.
Answer 2: JDK stands for Java Development Toolkit. Java SE is the technology, and JDK is the set of tools for developing in that technology.
Answer 3: Technically yes. Actually, you're most likely to see "JDK 1.6" alongside "Java 6", "JDK 1.7" alongside "Java 7" and so on.
Answer 4: Same as 3, I guess.
Answer 5: Java's Software Development Kit equals Java's Development Kit, so yes.
This diagram might help:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/tech/index.html