An interview question: About Probability

Question

An interview question:

Given a function f(x) that 1/4 times returns 0, 3/4 times returns 1. Write a function g(x) using f(x) that 1/2 times returns 0, 1/2 times returns

Answer 1

If you call f(x) twice in a row, the following outcomes are possible (assuming that successive calls to f(x) are independent, identically distributed trials):

00 (probability 1/4 * 1/4)
01 (probability 1/4 * 3/4)  
10 (probability 3/4 * 1/4)  
11 (probability 3/4 * 3/4)

01 and 10 occur with equal probability. So iterate until you get one of those cases, then return 0 or 1 appropriately:

do
  a=f(x); b=f(x);
while (a == b);

return a;

It might be tempting to call f(x) only once per iteration and keep track of the two most recent values, but that won't work. Suppose the very first roll is 1, with probability 3/4. You'd loop until the first 0, then return 1 (with probability 3/4).