I have the coordinates of points of an empty cube just like down below:
What I would like to do is transform that cube to something like this:
Ther
Probably one of the most popular solutions to this problem is the Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surface Algorithm which is evulated recursively.
However, that this algorithm "does not approach an actual sphere as a sphere is quadric." Regardless, this algorithm will produce exactly what is in the image you attached. Also note: you would create a simple cube first and then deform it with subdivision, so you would start with 6 faces,
Example of 0 Degree Subdivision
and then a first degree subdivision would give you 24 faces,
Example of 1st degree subdivision
with each of the corner vertices translated towards the center to begin the spherical shape.