I want to merge two projects.
First project
The only sane way to build a complete liblinphone SDK is through the appropriate client repository, e.g. linphone-iphone or linphone-android. As you have discovered, it is possible to build as a framework or static library using:
./prepare.py -c && ./prepare.py -DENABLE_STATIC_ONLY=ON && make && make zipsdk
Set DENABLE_STATIC_ONLY=ON for libs, and =OFF for a framework:
Be aware: as of June 2017, the framework configuration is still under development. It builds and runs in the simulator and on actual hardware, but the resulting app binary can't be submitted to Apple because the sub-frameworks aren't configured correctly. If you don't need to submit (not even TestFlight!) for 2-6 months maybe they will finish up soon.
If you need a functional product sooner, use the static lib configuration. The only tricky part is getting everything set up in your project/workspace.
$(SRCROOT)/liblinphone-sdk/apple-darwin/include
$(PROJECT_DIR)/liblinphone-sdk/apple-darwin/lib
Setting up your workspace will probably require trial and error. Xcode is not great with the errors but you should be able to use the Report Navigator view to see complete build logs and error messages. If you have an undefined symbol for example, you can try grep -ri SYMBOLNAME liblinphone-sdk
to figure out what library might be missing.
Regarding your EDIT 2 question, you need all the submodules or it won't work. ortp, belle-sip, mediastreamer, srtp, mbedtls, they are all essential. Only the mediastreamer plugin codecs are (somewhat) optional.