Different 2D convolution results between keras and scipy

Question

I found some results difficult to understand when trying to debug my neural network. I tried to do some computations offline using scipy (1.3.0), and I am not havin

Answer 1

What is usually called convolution in neural networks (and image processing) is not exactly the mathematical concept of convolution, which is what convolve2d implements, but the similar one of correlation, which is implemented by correlate2d:

res_scipy = correlate2d(image, kernel.T, mode='same')