Implementing a “Both, Either-or, but Not Null” Requirement in a Database

Question

I have requirement for a web app that states that a user should be able to either upload an instruction document(s) (.pdf, .doc, .txt) or provide text for the instructions. The

Answer 1

Ypercube's answer is fine, except this can, in fact, be done purely through declarative integrity while keeping separate tables. The trick is to combine deferred circular FOREIGN KEYs with a little bit of creative denormalization:

CREATE TABLE Instruction (
    InstructionId INT PRIMARY KEY,
    TextId INT UNIQUE,
    DocumentId INT UNIQUE,
    CHECK (
        (TextId IS NOT NULL AND InstructionId = TextId)
        OR (DocumentId IS NOT NULL AND InstructionId = DocumentId)
    )
);

CREATE TABLE Text (
    InstructionId INT PRIMARY KEY,
    FOREIGN KEY (InstructionId) REFERENCES Instruction (TextId) ON DELETE CASCADE
);

CREATE TABLE Document (
    InstructionId INT PRIMARY KEY,
    FOREIGN KEY (InstructionId) REFERENCES Instruction (DocumentId) ON DELETE CASCADE
);

ALTER TABLE Instruction ADD FOREIGN KEY (TextId) REFERENCES Text DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED;
ALTER TABLE Instruction ADD FOREIGN KEY (DocumentId) REFERENCES Document DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED;

Inserting Text is done like this:

INSERT INTO Instruction (InstructionId, TextId) VALUES (1, 1);
INSERT INTO Text (InstructionId) VALUES (1);
COMMIT;

Inserting Document like this:

INSERT INTO Instruction (InstructionId, DocumentId) VALUES (2, 2);
INSERT INTO Document (InstructionId) VALUES (2);
COMMIT;

And inserting both Text and Document like this:

INSERT INTO Instruction (InstructionId, TextId, DocumentId) VALUES (3, 3, 3);
INSERT INTO Text (InstructionId) VALUES (3);
INSERT INTO Document (InstructionId) VALUES (3);
COMMIT;

However, trying to insert Instruction alone fails on commit:

INSERT INTO Instruction (InstructionId, TextId) VALUES (4, 4);
COMMIT; -- Error (FOREIGN KEY violation).

Attempting to insert the "mismatched type" also fails on commit:

INSERT INTO Document (InstructionId) VALUES (1);
COMMIT; -- Error (FOREIGN KEY violation).

And of course, trying to insert bad values into Instruction fails (this time before commit):

INSERT INTO Instruction (InstructionId, TextId) VALUES (5, 6); -- Error (CHECK violation).
INSERT INTO Instruction (InstructionId) VALUES (7); -- Error (CHECK violation).