The API docs says
All of the details in the Spec concerning overflow are ignored, as BigIntegers are made as large as necessary to accommodate the r
You read it right, it will never overflow. Although, it won't create more RAM for you :)
Semantics of arithmetic operations exactly mimic those of Java's integer arithmetic operators, as defined in The Java Language Specification. For example, division by zero throws an ArithmeticException, and division of a negative by a positive yields a negative (or zero) remainder. All of the details in the Spec concerning overflow are ignored, as BigIntegers are made as large as necessary to accommodate the results of an operation.