Virtual function efficiency and the 'final' keyword

Question

Consider a program that has a class Foo containing a function Foo::fn declared like this:

virtual void fn();

and

Answer 1

If fn is defined as final in Bar, the compiler can dispatch calls to fn through a pointer or reference to Bar statically since it knows that Bar::fn is the final overrider. For example, this program fragment:

struct Foo {
  virtual void fn();
};

struct Bar : Foo {
  void fn() final override;
};

void with_foo(Foo& o) { o.fn(); }
void with_bar(Bar& o) { o.fn(); }

compiles to (See gcc.godbolt.org for details):

with_foo(Foo&):
    subq    $8, %rsp
    movq    (%rdi), %rax
    call    *(%rax)
    addq    $8, %rsp
    ret

with_bar(Bar&):
    subq    $8, %rsp
    call    Bar::fn()
    addq    $8, %rsp
    ret

the call in with_foo is dynamically dispatched (call *(%rax) is an indirect call) through the vtable, but the call in with_bar statically dispatches to Bar::fn().

The simplest method to make Bar::fn be the final overrider of Foo::fn without changing behavior is to define it to statically call Foo::fn:

struct Bar : Foo {
  void fn() final override { Foo::fn(); }
};