Does a feature like \"TFS auto-checkout before checkin\" exist, so that I don\'t checkout any file until the moment I say \"checkin\", e.g. in case I only change files tempo
No. When you check in TFS will checkin those files, you have to just undo those files.
However checking out a file doesn't stop others from checking them out, unless you've locked them. This non exclusive locking is the default behaviour.