In the Derby server, how can you use the information in the system tables of the schema to create a select statement in order to retrieve the constraint names for each table
The relevant manual is the Derby Reference Manual. There are many versions available: 10.13 was current in April 2017, but it was 10.3 in May 2009.
Original answer
SELECT c.constraintname, t.tablename
FROM sysconstraints c, systables t
WHERE c.tableid = t.tableid;
Since sufficiently recent versions of Derby require that the system catalogue tables are prefixed by sys.
(10.13 is quoted by kiwicomb123 in a comment), you can revise the query to use the explicit JOIN notation too, and use:
SELECT c.constraintname, t.tablename
FROM sys.sysconstraints c
JOIN sys.systables t
ON c.tableid = t.tableid;
You can add extra columns — for example, c.type
to get the constraint type.