If I curl a POST request with file upload to my google compute load balancer (LB) I get a 502 error. If I do the same curl to the worker node behind the LB, it works
Traffic from the load balancer to your instance is not enabled by default. Unfortunately this is not well documented, and really, when you create a load balancer this should happen automatically.
Try adding this firewall rule the network that your load balancer and VMs are on:
130.211.0.0/22 tcp:1-5000 Apply to all targets