I am experiencing a rather disconcerting issue with one of my development machines that I hope someone can advise me on.
I have a large Visual Studio 2010 VB solutio
Your VS solution may have a project (or more) in it that reference something in the full .NET 4.0 profile, which you are likely to have on your development machines... except perhaps the one where you are having the problem. The .NET 4.0 Client Profile is definitely different, and doesn't support everything you might be needing.
Solutions that involve fully re-installing Visual Studio work because VS installs the full .NET profile, not the client profile.