e.g.
int a=3;//-----------------------(1)
and
int a_long_variable_name_used_instead_of_small_one=3;//-------------(2)
The name you give to a variable in C/C++ will not affect the size of the resulting executable code. When you declare a variable like that, the compiler reserves memory space (in the case of an int on x86/x64, four bytes) to store the value. To access or alter the value it will then use the address rather than the variable name (which is lost in the compilation process).