Reading through the Wikipedia article on First-Class functions, there is a nice table of language support for various aspects of functional programming: http://en.wikipedia.
As noted in the other answers, what you describe is currying; it is a form of partial application, as you identify.
However, if what you want is just partial application, you can use underscore.js, which adds a lot functional programming utilities: http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/