My Jenkins version is Jenkins 1.508. Some googling around seemed to indicate that I needed a small change in my jenkins.xml (see for instance http://devophuman.blogspot.nl/2
After upgrading Jenkins to version 1.568, and cleaning up the job directories, the typical response time on a first call of the day is down to about 20 seconds. I think the 'first call of the day' is important here, because when I then go to another machine, the GUI renders immediately there. This might be related to the company proxy, caching mechanisms here and there, or the internal jenkins implementation, but I can live with the current situation.