My thinking is that people use Docker to be sure that local environment is the same as production and that I they can stop thinking about where are their apps running physic
It is not comparable at all. With service fabric, you get health monitoring, code integration with the fabric, logging, monitoring, load-balancing, and other intelligent features. Your application can even execute shutdown code. Service Fabric is not just for Microsoft technologies and even docker can reside inside SF so is rkt or Unix OS. Security and networking features(in-line with web apps) is another plus. Reliable collections is simply brilliant. And a roadmap to better application building and performance is guaranteed for the companies adopting it (history says so).
This question is highly favoring 'greatest invention' Docker. This comparison can do good for Docker marketing but no one will replace SF for Docker. Docker is just a tiny OS copy (nothing to do with services, applications or intelligence). Docker even has nothing to do with application development, it wasn't the intention. Just that people have started to find the need for isolation and sharing. And that is what Docker is all about.