I found lots of questions regarding this - and I am almost ashamed to ask it myself.
But no matter how hard I try, I simple do not get the Maps API running
Assuming
snippet from manifest:
you have put the meta-data tag inside the application tag
you made sure that you are building the APK with the correct keystore (corresponding to the one defined in the API console).
From my experience I was able to follow the instructions on Google Maps Android API v2 Getting started, but I do recall having to completely undeploy and redeploy the app again after playing around with the API keys / permissions.
On what device are you running ?