How to remove convexity defects in a Sudoku square?

Question

I was doing a fun project: Solving a Sudoku from an input image using OpenCV (as in Google goggles etc). And I have completed the task, but at the end I found a little probl

Answer 1

I thought this was a great post, and a great solution by ARK; very well laid out and explained.

I was working on a similar problem, and built the entire thing. There were some changes (i.e. xrange to range, arguments in cv2.findContours), but this should work out of the box (Python 3.5, Anaconda).

This is a compilation of the elements above, with some of the missing code added (i.e., labeling of points).

'''

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10196198/how-to-remove-convexity-defects-in-a-sudoku-square

'''

import cv2
import numpy as np

img = cv2.imread('test.png')

winname="raw image"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, img)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,100)


img = cv2.GaussianBlur(img,(5,5),0)

winname="blurred"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, img)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,150)

gray = cv2.cvtColor(img,cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
mask = np.zeros((gray.shape),np.uint8)
kernel1 = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_ELLIPSE,(11,11))

winname="gray"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, gray)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,200)

close = cv2.morphologyEx(gray,cv2.MORPH_CLOSE,kernel1)
div = np.float32(gray)/(close)
res = np.uint8(cv2.normalize(div,div,0,255,cv2.NORM_MINMAX))
res2 = cv2.cvtColor(res,cv2.COLOR_GRAY2BGR)

winname="res2"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, res2)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,250)

 #find elements
thresh = cv2.adaptiveThreshold(res,255,0,1,19,2)
img_c, contour,hier = cv2.findContours(thresh,cv2.RETR_TREE,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

max_area = 0
best_cnt = None
for cnt in contour:
    area = cv2.contourArea(cnt)
    if area > 1000:
        if area > max_area:
            max_area = area
            best_cnt = cnt

cv2.drawContours(mask,[best_cnt],0,255,-1)
cv2.drawContours(mask,[best_cnt],0,0,2)

res = cv2.bitwise_and(res,mask)

winname="puzzle only"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, res)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,300)

# vertical lines
kernelx = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT,(2,10))

dx = cv2.Sobel(res,cv2.CV_16S,1,0)
dx = cv2.convertScaleAbs(dx)
cv2.normalize(dx,dx,0,255,cv2.NORM_MINMAX)
ret,close = cv2.threshold(dx,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
close = cv2.morphologyEx(close,cv2.MORPH_DILATE,kernelx,iterations = 1)

img_d, contour, hier = cv2.findContours(close,cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
for cnt in contour:
    x,y,w,h = cv2.boundingRect(cnt)
    if h/w > 5:
        cv2.drawContours(close,[cnt],0,255,-1)
    else:
        cv2.drawContours(close,[cnt],0,0,-1)
close = cv2.morphologyEx(close,cv2.MORPH_CLOSE,None,iterations = 2)
closex = close.copy()

winname="vertical lines"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, img_d)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,350)

# find horizontal lines
kernely = cv2.getStructuringElement(cv2.MORPH_RECT,(10,2))
dy = cv2.Sobel(res,cv2.CV_16S,0,2)
dy = cv2.convertScaleAbs(dy)
cv2.normalize(dy,dy,0,255,cv2.NORM_MINMAX)
ret,close = cv2.threshold(dy,0,255,cv2.THRESH_BINARY+cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
close = cv2.morphologyEx(close,cv2.MORPH_DILATE,kernely)

img_e, contour, hier = cv2.findContours(close,cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)

for cnt in contour:
    x,y,w,h = cv2.boundingRect(cnt)
    if w/h > 5:
        cv2.drawContours(close,[cnt],0,255,-1)
    else:
        cv2.drawContours(close,[cnt],0,0,-1)

close = cv2.morphologyEx(close,cv2.MORPH_DILATE,None,iterations = 2)
closey = close.copy()

winname="horizontal lines"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, img_e)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,400)


# intersection of these two gives dots
res = cv2.bitwise_and(closex,closey)

winname="intersections"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, res)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,450)

# text blue
textcolor=(0,255,0)
# points green
pointcolor=(255,0,0)

# find centroids and sort
img_f, contour, hier = cv2.findContours(res,cv2.RETR_LIST,cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
centroids = []
for cnt in contour:
    mom = cv2.moments(cnt)
    (x,y) = int(mom['m10']/mom['m00']), int(mom['m01']/mom['m00'])
    cv2.circle(img,(x,y),4,(0,255,0),-1)
    centroids.append((x,y))

# sorting
centroids = np.array(centroids,dtype = np.float32)
c = centroids.reshape((100,2))
c2 = c[np.argsort(c[:,1])]

b = np.vstack([c2[i*10:(i+1)*10][np.argsort(c2[i*10:(i+1)*10,0])] for i in range(10)])
bm = b.reshape((10,10,2))

# make copy
labeled_in_order=res2.copy()

for index, pt in enumerate(b):
    cv2.putText(labeled_in_order,str(index),tuple(pt),cv2.FONT_HERSHEY_DUPLEX, 0.75, textcolor)
    cv2.circle(labeled_in_order, tuple(pt), 5, pointcolor)

winname="labeled in order"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, labeled_in_order)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 100,500)

# create final

output = np.zeros((450,450,3),np.uint8)
for i,j in enumerate(b):
    ri = int(i/10) # row index
    ci = i%10 # column index
    if ci != 9 and ri!=9:
        src = bm[ri:ri+2, ci:ci+2 , :].reshape((4,2))
        dst = np.array( [ [ci*50,ri*50],[(ci+1)*50-1,ri*50],[ci*50,(ri+1)*50-1],[(ci+1)*50-1,(ri+1)*50-1] ], np.float32)
        retval = cv2.getPerspectiveTransform(src,dst)
        warp = cv2.warpPerspective(res2,retval,(450,450))
        output[ri*50:(ri+1)*50-1 , ci*50:(ci+1)*50-1] = warp[ri*50:(ri+1)*50-1 , ci*50:(ci+1)*50-1].copy()

winname="final"
cv2.namedWindow(winname)
cv2.imshow(winname, output)
cv2.moveWindow(winname, 600,100)

cv2.waitKey(0)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()