Does Windows have Inode Numbers like Linux? How does Windows internally manage files?
There are two things here. The term INode, and a file-system implementation that uses either INode terminology or something like INode in its place.
All Windows file-systems(FAT*,NTFS) I know of, use Inode-like structures in actual implementation.
To further simplify the answer
(Think of INode as a block of metadata about a file.)
INode as term : No windows file system dont have it.
INode as concept : Windows will have some other structures, similar in property and usage but used with different name