How to create the most compact mapping n → isprime(n) up to a limit N?

Question

Naturally, for bool isprime(number) there would be a data structure I could query.
I define the best algorithm, to be the algorithm that pr

Answer 1

For large numbers you cannot simply naively check whether the candidate number N is divisible by none of the numbers less than sqrt(N). There are much more scalable tests available, such as the Miller-Rabin primality test. Below you have implementation in python:

def is_prime(x):
    """Fast implementation fo Miller-Rabin primality test, guaranteed to be correct."""
    import math
    def get_sd(x):
        """Returns (s: int, d: int) for which x = d*2^s """
        if not x: return 0, 0
        s = 0
        while 1:
            if x % 2 == 0:
                x /= 2
                s += 1
            else:
                return s, x
    if x <= 2:
        return x == 2
    # x - 1 = d*2^s
    s, d = get_sd(x - 1)
    if not s:
        return False  # divisible by 2!
    log2x = int(math.log(x) / math.log(2)) + 1
    # As long as Riemann hypothesis holds true, it is impossible
    # that all the numbers below this threshold are strong liars.
    # Hence the number is guaranteed to be a prime if no contradiction is found.
    threshold = min(x, 2*log2x*log2x+1)
    for a in range(2, threshold):
        # From Fermat's little theorem if x is a prime then a^(x-1) % x == 1
        # Hence the below must hold true if x is indeed a prime:
        if pow(a, d, x) != 1:
            for r in range(0, s):
                if -pow(a, d*2**r, x) % x == 1:
                    break
            else:
                # Contradicts Fermat's little theorem, hence not a prime.
                return False
    # No contradiction found, hence x must be a prime.
    return True

You can use it to find huge prime numbers:

x = 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
for e in range(1000):
    if is_prime(x + e):
        print('%d is a prime!' % (x + e))
        break

# 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000133 is a prime!

If you are testing random integers probably you want to first test whether the candidate number is divisible by any of the primes smaller than, say 1000, before you call Miller-Rabin. This will help you filter out obvious non-primes such as 10444344345.