What is tail call optimization?

Question

Very simply, what is tail-call optimization?

More specifically, what are some small code snippets where it could be applied, and where not, with an explanation of wh

Answer 1

In a functional language, tail call optimization is as if a function call could return a partially evaluated expression as the result, which would then be evaluated by the caller.

f x = g x

f 6 reduces to g 6. So if the implementation could return g 6 as the result, and then call that expression it would save a stack frame.

Also

f x = if c x then g x else h x.

Reduces to f 6 to either g 6 or h 6. So if the implementation evaluates c 6 and finds it is true then it can reduce,

if true then g x else h x ---> g x

f x ---> h x

A simple non tail call optimization interpreter might look like this,

class simple_expresion
{
    ...
public:
    virtual ximple_value *DoEvaluate() const = 0;
};

class simple_value
{
    ...
};

class simple_function : public simple_expresion
{
    ...
private:
    simple_expresion *m_Function;
    simple_expresion *m_Parameter;

public:
    virtual simple_value *DoEvaluate() const
    {
        vector parameterList;
        parameterList->push_back(m_Parameter);
        return m_Function->Call(parameterList);
    }
};

class simple_if : public simple_function
{
private:
    simple_expresion *m_Condition;
    simple_expresion *m_Positive;
    simple_expresion *m_Negative;

public:
    simple_value *DoEvaluate() const
    {
        if (m_Condition.DoEvaluate()->IsTrue())
        {
            return m_Positive.DoEvaluate();
        }
        else
        {
            return m_Negative.DoEvaluate();
        }
    }
}

A tail call optimization interpreter might look like this,

class tco_expresion
{
    ...
public:
    virtual tco_expresion *DoEvaluate() const = 0;
    virtual bool IsValue()
    {
        return false;
    }
};

class tco_value
{
    ...
public:
    virtual bool IsValue()
    {
        return true;
    }
};

class tco_function : public tco_expresion
{
    ...
private:
    tco_expresion *m_Function;
    tco_expresion *m_Parameter;

public:
    virtual tco_expression *DoEvaluate() const
    {
        vector< tco_expression *> parameterList;
        tco_expression *function = const_cast(this);
        while (!function->IsValue())
        {
            function = function->DoCall(parameterList);
        }
        return function;
    }

    tco_expresion *DoCall(vector &p_ParameterList)
    {
        p_ParameterList.push_back(m_Parameter);
        return m_Function;
    }
};

class tco_if : public tco_function
{
private:
    tco_expresion *m_Condition;
    tco_expresion *m_Positive;
    tco_expresion *m_Negative;

    tco_expresion *DoEvaluate() const
    {
        if (m_Condition.DoEvaluate()->IsTrue())
        {
            return m_Positive;
        }
        else
        {
            return m_Negative;
        }
    }
}