It would seem that apt-get is having issues connecting with the repository servers. I suppose it is likely compatibility issues, as mentioned here, however the proposed solution
I added apt-get clean
to my dockerfile before the apt-get update
line, it seems to have done the trick.
I guess I have no way of knowing whether or not it was the extra command or if it was luck that fixed my build, but I took the advice from https://github.com/CGAL/cgal-testsuite-dockerfiles/issues/19