Is std::random_device cryptographic secure?

Question

I see many people talk about security and std::random_device together.

For example, here slide 22.

According to cppreference, std::random_devi

Answer 1

TL;DR: only use std::random_device to generate seeds for the defined PRNG's within this library. Otherwise use a cryptographic library such as Crypto++, Bothan, OpenSSL etc. to generate secure random numbers.

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To have an idea why std::random_device is required it is important to see it in the light of the context for which it was defined.

std::random_device is part of a set of classes and methods that are used to generate deterministic/pseudo random number sequences fast. One example - also shown in the slides - is the Mersenne twister algorithm, which is certainly not cryptographically secure.

Now this is all very nice, but as the defined algorithms are all deterministic, this is arguably not what the users may be after: they want a fast random number generator that doesn't produce the same stream all of the time. Some kind of entropy source is required to seed the insecure PRNG. This is where std::random_device comes into action, it is used to seed the Mersenne twister (as shown in the slides referred to in the answer).

The slides show a speed difference of about 250 times for the Mersenne twister and the slow system provided non-deterministic random number generator. This clearly demonstrates why local, deterministic PRNG's can help to speed up random number generation.

Also note that local PRNG's won't slow down much when used from multiple threads. The system generator could be speedy when accessed by multiple threads, but this is certainly not a given. Sometimes system RNG's may even block or have latency or related issues.

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As mentioned in the comments below the question, the contract for std::random_device is rather weak. It talks about using a "deterministic" generator if a system generator is not avialable. Of course, on most desktop / server configurations such a device (e.g. /dev/random or the non-blocking /dev/urandom device) is available. In that case std:random_device is rather likely to return a secure random number generator. However, you cannot rely on this to happen on all system configurations.

If you require a relatively fast secure random number generator I would recommend you use a cryptographic library such as OpenSSL or Crypto++ instead of using an insecure fast one the relatively slow system random generator. OpenSSL - for instance - will use the system random generator (as well as other entropy sources) to seed a more secure algorithm.