Seems like I am missing something here, using latest version of unity and I am instantiating a gameobject on click.. It appears fine in scene View but not in the game view?
By default in a 2D scene the camera is pointing to positive Z and it is located at (0 1 -10). This means that the Z position of the sprite needs to be higher than cameras Z position, not lower.
Also check that Sprite Renderer of the sprite is enabled in the "Inspector" view.
If those doesn't help I would suggest starting to remove other GameObjects at run time to see if the sprite is behind something. Just click on a GameObject at "Hierarchy" view and hit delete key.
Hopefully some of these help you to find the problem.