We have recently applied SSL certificate on our website and we want all our url to have https:// protocol.
Once we moved our website to https://, our website broke down
Check the list of plugins installed. Any plugin involving caching, CDNs etc may interfere with get_template_directory_uri. In our case the customer had installed a ton of plugins to supposedly speed up his site.
With no plugins enabled https loaded fine. So it was just a case of figuring out which one it was. And buried in the offending plugin's settings there was an http version of the site path.