I know that the Google Closure Compiler does type checking—but are there any alternatives, preferably that aren\'t so tightly coupled with a library and optimizer?
If no
I have been quite happy with the intellij idea / webstorms editor, which parses jsdoc and does its own static analysis to flag potential or actual type safety errors. It has proven quite useful, although a bit of work was needed to get inheritance to work with some common frameworks. Due to the tons of approaches possible with javascript prototypal inheritance, the compiler needs a bit more help than for other languages.
It's a commercial tool, but I'm able to use it for java, php, javascript, python and ruby projects, all with some pretty decent static analysis and refactoring helpers. I used to do a lot with emacs and running node.js processes for jshint and closure compiler, but this is a lot less brittle.