In my Android App, I would like to take in some audio from the mic of the smartphone and play it immediately, live, like a microphone, with no lag. I am currently thinking of us
You can try Google Oboe.
Oboe is a C++ library that makes it easy to build high-performance audio apps on Android.
Oboe has already an example for "Immediate Audio Input & Output Android"
LiveEffect Sample
This sample simply loops audio from the input stream to the output stream to demonstrate the usage of the 2 stream interfaces.
https://github.com/google/oboe/tree/master/samples/LiveEffect