Is there a way to communicate with USB devices within regular browser (FF, Safari, IE8, etc)? I assume it could be Javascript -> Java bridge or something else.
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With Silverlight 4 (beta) there are ways do things like that, but only for trusted applications and maybe not the way you hope...
It provides a API for COM Automation. That means you need a drive that exposes some COM interop for you or you have to write something to control the USB-Port/Device yourself.
this article seems to be a good sample:
http://sblakemore.com/blog/post/Silverlight-4-COM-Automation-e28093-Taking-photos-with-a-DSLR-using-Windows-Image-Acquisition.aspx