Are there any methods in the computer vision literature that allows for detecting transparent glass in images? Like if I have an image of a car, can I detect windows? etc...
I think what you looking for is detection of translucent regions. There is very limited work here since it is a very hard problem. Basically it is a major chicken and egg problem. Translucent regions cause almost all fundamental image processing tools to fail (e.g. motion estimation, feature matching, tracking, etc...). Yet you must use such tools to detect translucent regions. Anyway, up to my knowledge this is the most recent piece of work in this area and I doubt there is any other.
http://www.mee.tcd.ie/~sigmedia/pmwiki/uploads/Misc.Icip2011/CVPR_new.pdf
It is published in CVPR which is a top conference in Computer Vision.