Is `data PoE a = Empty | Pair a a` a monad?

Question

This question comes from this answer in example of a functor that is Applicative but not a Monad: It is claimed that the

data PoE a = Empty | Pair a a deriving (         


        

Answer 1

QuickCheck immediately finds a counterexample to associativity.

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor #-}

import Test.QuickCheck

data PoE a = Empty | Pair a a deriving (Functor,Eq, Show)

instance Applicative PoE where
    pure x = Pair x x
    Pair f g <*> Pair x y = Pair (f x) (g y)
    _        <*> _        = Empty
instance Monad PoE where
    Empty    >>= _ = Empty
    Pair x y >>= f = case (f x, f y) of 
                       (Pair x' _,Pair _ y') -> Pair x' y'
                       _ -> Empty

instance Arbitrary a => Arbitrary (PoE a) where
  arbitrary = oneof [pure Empty, Pair <$> arbitrary <*> arbitrary]

prop_assoc :: PoE Bool -> (Bool -> PoE Bool) -> (Bool -> PoE Bool) -> Property
prop_assoc m k h =
  ((m >>= k) >>= h) === (m >>= (\a -> k a >>= h))

main = do
  quickCheck $ \m (Fn k) (Fn h) -> prop_assoc m k h

Output:

*** Failed! Falsifiable (after 35 tests and 3 shrinks):    
Pair True False
{False->Pair False False, True->Pair False True, _->Empty}
{False->Pair False True, _->Empty}
Pair False True /= Empty