For example, the word debacle would work because of debac, but seabed would not work because: 1. there is no c in any 5-character sequence tha
Your solution is clever but unfortunately [a-e^...]
doesn't work, as you found. I don't believe there is a way to mix regular and negated character classes. I can think of a workaround using lookaheads though:
/(([a-e])(?!\2)([a-e])(?!\2)(?!\3)([a-e])(?!\2)(?!\3)(?!\4])([a-e])(?!\2)(?!\3)(?!\4])(?!\5)([a-e]))/
See it here: http://rubular.com/r/6pFrJe78b6.
UPDATE: Mob points out in the comments below, that alternation can be used to compact the above:
/(([a-e])(?!\2)([a-e])(?!\2|\3)([a-e])(?!\2|\3|\4])([a-e])(?!\2|\3|\4|\5)([a-e]))/
The new demo: http://rubular.com/r/UUS7mrz6Ze.