Visual Studio 2017 ships with its own version of Git. Unfortunately, it doesn\'t have support for SSH and it doesn\'t include a root certificate for the issuer for SSL
The Visual Studio installed Git version was causing issues on my side too, so I've replaced the entire folder where Visual Studio deploys its own version:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2017\Professional\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\TeamFoundation\Team Explorer\Git\
With the last 32-bits version downloaded from here. And after restarting the IDE the issues has gone, an option to change this from Visual Studio settings would be welcome, but at least this workaround works.