The ECMAScript specification defines the Atomics object in the section 24.4.
Among all the global objects this is the more obscure for
In addition to what Arseniy-II and Simon Paris stated, Atomics are also handy when you embed JavaScript engine into some host application (to enable scripting in it). Then one can directly access shared memory from different concurent threads simultaneously, both from JS and from C/C++ or whatever language your host application is written, without involving JavaScript API for access on C/C++/OtherLanguage side.