Minimize the sum of errors of representative integers

Question

Given n integers between [0,10000] as D₁,D₂...,D_n, where there may be duplicates, and n can be huge:

I want to find k distinct represent

Answer 1

This algorithm does not produce exact answers, but it allows very large data sets to be handled much faster than the memoized algorithm and with results that tends to be very close to the exact answer. Algorithm still needs improvement/debugging to prevent potential infinite loops in some cases, but that is not a deal-breaker since code can be added to stop that. Meanwhile, the alg excels with data sets too large to be managed by some other generally preferable algorithms (like the memoized alg answer submitted earlier). For example, on nearly 10,000 samples from the range [1-100000], k=500 is calculated in seconds on an old PC where the memo version appeared would take over an hour to do a much smaller k=90 on a much much smaller data set of size 375. For this kind of added performance, not getting the absolute lowest error sum is a very small price to pay. [I have not derived the quality of the results, but all comparisons made on data values where memo could keep up yielded not much over 10% worse, if that.]

/************************************************************
This program can be compiled and run (eg, on Linux):
$ gcc -std=c99 fast-inexact.c -o fast-inexact
$ .fast-inexact
************************************************************/

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 

//a: Data set of values. Add extra large number at the end

int a[]={
10,40,90,160,250,360,490,640,810,1000,1210,1440,1690,1960,2250,2560,2890,3240,3610,4000,4410,
4840,5290,5760,6250,6760,7290,7840,8410,9000,9610,10240,99999,
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,
24,24,14,12,41,51,21,41,41,848,21,  547,3,2,888,4,1,66,5,4,2,11,742,
95,25,365,52,441,874,51,2,145,254,24,245,54,21,87,98,65,32,25,14,
25,36,25,14,47,58,58,69,85,74,71,82,82,93,93,93,12,12,45,78,78,985,
412,74,3,62,125,458,658,147,432,124,328,952,635,368,634,637,874,
124,35,23,65,896,21,41,745,49,2,7,8,4,8,7,2,6,5,6,9,8,9,6,5,9,5,9,
5,9,11,41,5,24,98,78,45,54,65,32,21,12,18,38,48,68,78,75,72,95,92,65,
55,5,87,412,158,654,219,943,218,952,357,753,159,951,485,862,1,741,22,
444,452,487,478,478,495,456,444,141,238,9,445,421,441,444,436,478,51,
24,24,24,24,24,24,247,741,98,99,999,111,444,323,33,5,5,5,85,85,85,85,
654,456,5,4,566,445,5664,45,4556,45,5,6,5,4,56,66,5,456,5,45,6,68,7653,
434,4,6,7,689,78,8,99,8700,344,65,45,8,899,86,65,3,422,3,4,3,4,7,68,
544,454,545,65,4,6,878,423,64,97,8778,5456,5486,5485,545,5455,4548,81,
999,8233,5223,8741,7747,7756,54,7884,5477,89,332,5999,9861,12545,9852,
11452,5482,9358,9845,577,884,5589,5412,3669,32,6699,396,9629,953,321,
45,5484,588,5872,85,872,87,1122,884,2458,471,22685,955,2845,6852,589,
5896,2521,35696,5236,32633,56665,6633,326,5486,5487,8541,5495,2155,3,
8523,65896,3852,5685,69536,
1,1,1,1,1,2,3,4,5,6,
  //375

54,5451,545,54,885,855,8621,5,23,7,54,89,3,8545,196,35338,6412,5338,35512,8545,55483,3548,34878,37846,1545,2489,24534,84234,56465,8643,454,8,548,78,454,85,44,54564,87,85,45,48,54,564,67564,8945,864,54564,864,5453,554,7894,65456,45,5489,8424,84248,543,5454,82,54548,44,54654,8454,54,684,54,34,8,454,87,84,4,548,45456,48454,86465,4,454,45,4445,4564,484,4564,64654,56456,54,45,121,2851,15,248,24853,845,8485,384,3484,3484,3853,183,4835,83545,82,1851,6851,854,83,48434,87,34,854,943,849,468,4654,97,35,494,6549,878,65,2184,4845,4564,64,8,44,84,5,4454,4845,484,8513,897,47,8789,764,54,454,54894,454,842,181,54,81348,4518,548,51,813,1851,1841,5484,51,8431,8484,5487,79,4,31,31,84,87,74111,1,7272,7814,18,781,1,7,823,27872,8,8178,4156,485,184,84,45,18,75,18,715,48,78174,6541,8,54,8,41,8,4564,187,154,841,9,4194,53,4194,15,48,941,48,941,5,489,7415,41,49,41,54,54545,494,15,98,4189,5641,841,5145,41,416,48,414,4,841,5414,61,41,9891,61,169,19,1989,173,48154,56116,187,191,61,61418,8719,8187,51842,815,4815,4984,5,484,15,4897,18,4151,81,8941,549,1,5498,15,89,12,4,97,97,1,591,519,1,51,9,15,1655,65,2,3214,2365,8,77899,6565,6589,586,5,66,5,23669,5,9,59,9,8,569,3,3,6,96,99,955,5,96,9595,95,629,8971,81,5715,45,141,4819,84,518,81,87,2,41,5,98,41,54,9415,49,841,54,591,54,918,781,794,1221,2891,5,19878,154,9,4154,94,1518,41,49,415,49,15,4541,954,78,219,45,4515,49,9187,1549,15,985,14984,1597,91978,1541,41,5491,54197,815,914,91,78195,4179,1984,971,54,91,5198,71914,97,194,914,59419,49,4194,941,94191,41,9419,1941,914,9149,4191,1,19149,4949,454,141,1,9,489,415,4941,9841,24,8941,54,5915,198,419,24949,194,8545,4591,5498,714,54,984,5491,54,978,154,978,154,91495,41945,49,41954,8,154,94,149,4594,54,98,154,594,984,815,45,9148,4191,19,84,15,1,948,7897,184,5419,71,4194,8419,41984,954,54,1941,81798,789,459,45,4198,787,184,941,921,987,181,541,48,971,894,9145,594,19,78,48,4984,184,945,4,194,19849,454,978,4154,944,84154,9871,8489,4154,841,8945,198,710,45,4,51,541,984,982,1954,81,491,2465,498,5419,7481,5497,8515,498,4154,979,871,41,148,11971,184,94145,498,15,48,154,9418,41894,815,494,145,419,8,151,25,18940,5415,64348,74851,541,9481,24,9841,2,498,124,91,594,34614,64,8491,456,4164,81,3496,494,324,16498,15,4917,9841,546,4841,546,484,54541,654,81,246,518,4841,65,486,4165,4654,8415,4646,846,41654,864,165,45,4188,165,481,31,354,9415,491,549,484,87131,828,284,842,2,434,8434,64835,4313,143,48,35,498,7,154,8,7897,7154,654,987,564,3546,8789,715,4684,864,234,864,615,467,89,135,4198,7,654,64,189,7817,56,4,654,98,465,46,48,4,354,96,8413,54,8,768,45,165,46,81,654,3,48,7,41,54,6,71654,5618,745,4687,56461,8415,46841,654,18415,4641,684,8641,654,6848,
  //1030 data points where 0 sum was reached around k=700

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69,11714,51146,37615,88888,44783,94305,70233,19140,88140,54117,69619,93691,63860,64113,38961,85274,83126,16814,59257,35115,47597,69520,86248,82673,58660,20880,41290,12433,47215,34085,89592,19558,40045,76312,14199,74436,86458,70215,91487,71433,842,52231,56386,50702,87931,25493,45389,77371,50364,58718,16481,47618,59975,34313,10748,46240,47191,67951,40516,61168,65880,38343,23913,43060,82008,62035,75518,40273,83224,93027,21877,77435,88307,71632,1290,632,50128,9736,88768,37080,45712,4640,24781,93644,30882,33452,46119,42674,37702,89906,3306,6481,4953,12024,59540,87372,48001,2808,86196,55303,4471,18788,16408,59537,96648,92719,33499,6722,48955,33862,37879,13396,51670,43929,3939,48079,7524,30503,53480,5113,51939,94524,21433,17288,99724,16560,84499,11638,87050,60679,30010,88386,23716,28451,49719,22809,4109,25706,42582,55513,37422,47324,48847,53170,43576,84234,70617,40713,83624,15968,10641,63638,32104,65516,91641,5415,11173,5659,26470,28816,5998,33061,37595,42178,89808,43363,5269,23750,61805,51709,85293,88466,97116,4958,53628,55383,7265,38854,41885,40104,76385,44247,11543,30538,2550,62201,6462,67803,58608,73861,24575,92339,66125,11831,69331,66295,92341,93284,77231,44467,36331,47688,61093,39930,11186,17004,50702,88419,87123,4120,75947,73915,56934,53118,9829,22476,31866,85915,78365,50359,87479,80483,43982,24880,11468,69964,23984,20071,95228,63841,65270,25149,25133,58416,90652,74823,57118,96185,80077,2593,71310,39144,50045,38367,99790,79818,24103,43742,15546,60521,37955,28865,40358,85080,82134,23407,26816,91597,55285,34872,40824,81081,96452,96514,19764,63241,8287,7009,94878,93697,19786,50498,812,16033,1477,5958,72682,24719,2862,24640,75466,72096,62615,59825,51657,88987,31905,7150,1124,89274,93786,93492,12603,77640,93879,50029,38429,46416,14540,60096,99854,53701,21337,14776,23149,88425,87612,14118,73275,95677,39736,3861,38363,43532,86976,15608,57283,51214,31728,86864,3893,27587,60312,59186,75516,88981,54955,51563,28305,65703,39850,31114,26250,3584,46705,77618,3806,65896,68972,86255,44699,33004,84586,3957,78670,42706,9693,82971,71501,40885,48798,242,43439,36694,26933,51184,3285,42256,95213,33537,49816,36308,90626,951,40183,83542,11529,28352,57885,13323,48035,12880,7877,91954,93393,52484,52896,23149,50824,21749,49257,22391,26697,86114,57421,78006,81506,93889,24402,6114,92508,14331,62855,31552,80177,74401,2284,59442,18156,14048,16802,43234,64081,10157,79349,27857,18695,43181,37814,81532,19176,12963,37409,62303,51145,82240,82460,24582,65136,51998,26422,3929,13113,49884,43757,5622,55423,97518,40118,86731,92631,27205,90926,96293,52068,23709,65996,26947,96154,90337,7128,61897,4087,1991,23993,72488,86899,79374,11324,65148,88418,54336,12508,45647,16415,24710,13391,49148,95397,52338,72425,10023,68818,69355,49133,6885,23866,96638,15108,4489,91949,27222,5337,23033,81313,53666,77066,51356,802,88481,73212,23401,9683,58821,34532,78650,75983,37081,45008,45518,28358,73269,62559,78852,33061,22244,40088,55471,93262,69180,69656,21966,99573,56305,78275,32777,50891,53474,49154,20607,2148,90109,39213,57031,23313,61937,36049,86539,44626,86424,72189,79772,35617,2010,10973,83124,61716,63266,76741,70735,42465,12545,50465,55141,56235,27373,11852,54391,62949,35903,11676,42076,94570,98170,21346,17823,34684,94320,5241,17876,22221,86826,60898,6228,79471,82826,96582,25270,22077,78881,45064,40919,62442,72087,63729,34985,31142,15176,70720,52435,18755,39650,40171,90443,81261,36559,81823,67630,78532,56197,16870,77809,5654,18834,96386,3089,20120,95531,2744,78053,81987,16283,43645,86248,80595,11559,18234,59452,81379,53882,15148,5439,15665,98296,52359,40524,34081,
  //+8000 rand ...   cut to about 3000 to fit stackoverflow posting limits
};

//numofa: size of data set

int numofa=sizeof(a)/sizeof(int);

//Sort in increasing order. Used by slow algo to be not nearly as slow.

int sortfunc (const void *a, const void *b) {
    return (*(int *)a - *(int *)b);
}

// Given 3 adjacent k values. Re-calculates the middle k value where (changing only this middle k value) the sum of the error on its left and error on its right is minimized (ie, ke[left] and ke[middle] are minimized).

int minimize_error_3(int *k, int *kai, int64_t *ke, const int left, const int middle, const int right) {
    int64_t minerr=-1;
    int64_t tmperr;
    int64_t l_e=0, e=0;  //not necessary to save errors by parts in general but
    long minidx=kai[left]+1;
//printf ("%d %d %d %d ",k[middle], left, middle, right);
    for (int i=kai[left]; i-1?minerr-l_e:0;
    kai[middle]=minidx;
    k[middle]=a[minidx];
//printf ("%d %d %d.%d   ",ke[left], ke[middle], k[middle], minidx);
    return 0;
}

int evenstartitercycles (int numofk) {
    char *str, *str2;
    int i, idx, err;
    int done, moved;
    int *k, *kai, *k_old;
    int64_t *ke;

    qsort(a,numofa,sizeof(int),sortfunc);
    k=(int *) calloc(numofk,sizeof(int));
    kai=(int *) malloc(numofk*sizeof(int));
    k_old=(int *) malloc(numofk*sizeof(int));
    ke=(int64_t *) calloc(numofk,sizeof(int64_t));
    k[0]=a[0];
    kai[0]=0;
    k_old[0]=k[0];
    for (int i=1; i0) {
            if (k[i+1]-k[i]max_e && i>min_xi+1) {
                max_e=ke[i];
                max_ei=i;
            }
            //later do going to left version
        }
        if (k[i+1]!=k_old[i+1]) {
            moved=1;
            k_old[i+1]=k[i+1];
        }
        if (imax_e && i+1>min_xi) {
                max_e=ke[i+1];
                max_ei=i+1;
            }
            //here see if can gain from shifting around some
            if (max_ei>min_xi+3 && .1*ke[min_xi]*(k[min_xi]-k[min_xi-1])