This was happening to some of my devices. (Not showing up in notification center and not receiving pushes.)
Managed to fix it by doing:
- Delete the app
- Delete all the relevant profiles from the device. Settings app > General > Profiles, then tap into each of the Provisioning Profiles related to your app, then tap Remove. On iOS 8/9, where the setting no longer exists, use XCode > Windows > Devices > select device > Show provisioning profiles... > then remove the profile(s)
- Turn your phone off, then on again.
- Give 5 mins
- Reinstall your app, the Provisioning Profile should get installed automatically.
- Launch app and let it register and stuff.
- Test push notifications again
For us, it didn't work immediately, so give it a few minutes.