I have been recently hired to maintain a very large program (only two Activities, about a hundred Fragments, and several hundred layouts).
In the Android Device Monitor, there is a button you can click on called "Dump View Hierarchy for UI Automator".
This will open a UI Hierarchy viewer in the Device Monitor, which you can use to see the resource IDs of each of your views.
While this does not actually give you the name of the inflated XML file, it could be very useful. If you are lucky, you can even grep for the resource IDs to narrow down the search for which XML files to look at.
And if you hover over the title of the viewer window, it will show you the path to the actual XML file that it created. This is a way to find all the resource IDs in one place.
Some more info on Hierarchy Viewer in case it helps:
The Hierarchy Viewer allows you to debug and optimize your user interface. It provides a visual representation of the layout's View hierarchy (the Layout View) and a magnified inspector of the display (the Pixel Perfect View).
Here's a blog post that contains something interesting - a custom layout inflater that intercepts all view inflation:
It may be possible to use that sample code to intercept the inflate calls, and receive the resource ID of the XML file:
At this point, you will need to turn the resource id into a useful name. Quoting from this question (How to get Resource Name from Resource id), you can use:
getResources().getResourceEntryName(int resid);
Add some logging and this may give you each XML file as it is being inflated.
This could be quite a nice way to document your entire project.