Inlining derived typeclass methods

Question

Haskell lets you derive typeclass instances, such as:

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor #-}

data Foo a = MakeFoo a a deriving (Functor)

... but somet

Answer 1

Though you cannot "reopen" instances in Haskell like you could with classes in dynamic languages, there are ways to ensure that functions will be aggressively inlined whenever possible by passing certain flags to GHC.

-fspecialise-aggressively removes the restrictions about which functions are specialisable. Any overloaded function will be specialised with this flag. This can potentially create lots of additional code.

-fexpose-all-unfoldings will include the (optimised) unfoldings of all functions in interface files so that they can be inlined and specialised across modules.

Using these two flags in conjunction will have nearly the same effect as marking every definition as INLINABLE apart from the fact that the unfoldings for INLINABLE definitions are not optimised.

(Source: https://wiki.haskell.org/Inlining_and_Specialisation#Which_flags_can_I_use_to_control_the_simplifier_and_inliner.3F)

These options will allow the GHC compiler to inline fmap. The -fexpose-all-unfoldings option, in particular, allows the compiler to expose the internals of Data.Functor to the rest of the program for inlining purposes (and it seems to provide the largest performance benefit). Here's a quick & dumb benchmark I threw together:

functor.hs contains this code:

{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFunctor #-}
{-# LANGUAGE Strict #-}

data Foo a = MakeFoo a a deriving (Functor)

one_fmap foo = fmap (+1) foo

main = sequence (fmap (\n -> return $ one_fmap $ MakeFoo n n) [1..10000000])

Compiled with no arguments:

$ time ./functor 

real    0m4.036s
user    0m3.550s
sys 0m0.485s

Compiled with -fexpose-all-unfoldings:

$ time ./functor

real    0m3.662s
user    0m3.258s
sys 0m0.404s

Here's the .prof file from this compile, to show that the call to fmap is indeed getting inlined:

    Sun Oct  7 00:06 2018 Time and Allocation Profiling Report  (Final)

       functor +RTS -p -RTS

    total time  =        1.95 secs   (1952 ticks @ 1000 us, 1 processor)
    total alloc = 4,240,039,224 bytes  (excludes profiling overheads)

COST CENTRE MODULE SRC              %time %alloc

CAF         Main     100.0  100.0


                                                                     individual      inherited
COST CENTRE MODULE                SRC             no.     entries  %time %alloc   %time %alloc

MAIN        MAIN                         44          0    0.0    0.0   100.0  100.0
 CAF        Main                    87          0  100.0  100.0   100.0  100.0
 CAF        GHC.IO.Handle.FD        84          0    0.0    0.0     0.0    0.0
 CAF        GHC.IO.Encoding         77          0    0.0    0.0     0.0    0.0
 CAF        GHC.Conc.Signal         71          0    0.0    0.0     0.0    0.0
 CAF        GHC.IO.Encoding.Iconv   58          0    0.0    0.0     0.0    0.0

Compiled with -fspecialise-aggressively:

$ time ./functor

real    0m3.761s
user    0m3.300s
sys 0m0.460s

Compiled with both flags:

$ time ./functor

real    0m3.665s
user    0m3.213s
sys 0m0.452s

These little benchmarks are by no means representative of what the performance (or filesize) will like in real code, but it definitely shows that you can force the GHC compiler to inline fmap (and that it really can have non-negligible effects on performance).