I have climate data (temperature, precipitation, snow depth) for all of Canada between 1900 and 2009. I have written a basic website and the simplest page a
The awesome pl/r package allows you to run R inside PostgreSQL as a procedural language. There are some gotchas because R likes to think about data in terms of vectors which is not what a RDBMS does. It is still a very useful package as it gives you R inside of PostgreSQL saving you some of the roundtrips of your architecture.
And pl/r is apt-get
-able for you as it has been part of Debian / Ubuntu for a while. Start with apt-cache show postgresql-8.4-plr
(that is on testing, other versions/flavours have it too).
As for the appropriate modeling: that is a whole different ballgame. loess
is a fair suggestion for something non-parametric, and you probably also want some sort of dynamic model, either ARMA/ARIMA or lagged regression. The choice of modeling is pretty critical given how politicized the topic is.