Got a problem where some of our users have a buggy Service Worker sitting in their Facebook Browsers from our sites.
The problem: Facebook App users are getting
we experienced the same problem but presenting slightly differently - our users began receiving an error message "net:: ERR FAILED" though it sounds like the same cause. The problem began around 10 days ago, and the only way I've managed to get around the cache is to send the users to a new version of the site - by removing the www. from the URL that I'm sending to, and stopping this from 301'ing to with the www.
I also tried a bunch of solutions like you have, but it doesn't seem to be possible to get the service worker to contact the website - if you put Charles between your phone and the internet you'll see no traffic reaches your site. I'm hoping that after a period of disuse the service worker will be cleaned up by the app cache and we can switch back. Sorry I can't be more help, but rest assured you're not alone!